最近在批量查询.com域名([字母][字母][数字][数字].com),所以就想了解下两个看似没有联系的字母或者字母都有哪些含义。
1. 国家总数
先了解下国家总数,以便了解对国家的各种编码,比如国际区号两位是不够的(最多100种可能),两位字母排列组合数是676,所以机场代码两位数是不够的,而是3位字母(排列组合数为17576)。
根据联合国标准(United Nations),拥有主权国家共有206个(sovereign states),分成3类:
- 193 member states
- two observer states: Holy See(梵蒂冈), State of Palestine(巴勒斯坦国)
- 11 other states: 阿布哈兹、科索沃、纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫、北塞浦路斯、西撒哈拉、索马利兰、南奥塞梯、中华民国(台湾)、德涅斯特河沿岸;库克群岛、纽埃
国家列表见维基百科词条List of sovereign states。
2. 国际区号
两位数字,我最先想到的是国际区号(由1-3位数字组成,比如中国86,法国33),查了一下维基百科,真是科普,原来国际区号很有规律,见下图(图片来源于维基百科词条List of country calling codes):
图1 Worldwide distribution of country calling codes colored by first digit
国际区号列表见维基百科词条List of country calling codes,从维基百科词条摘抄部分内容[1]如下:
The term country code frequently refers to international dialing codes. Country calling codes or country dialin codes are telephone dialing prefixes for the member countries of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). They are defined by the ITU-T in standards E.123 and E.164. E.164 defines a general format for international telephone numbers.
3. 国家顶级域名
国家顶级域名(Country code top-level domain, ccTLD)都是由两个字母组成(两位字母排列组合数是676),所有两个字母域名后缀组成的域名都是ccTLD。摘抄维基百科内容如下:
All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes.
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined inISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by theInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO), to representcountries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest.
In 2010, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code TLDs, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application (比如.中国,.中國,.香港,.台湾, .台灣).
其他有趣的信息:
- 国家顶级域名列表,可以查看维基百科词条List of ccTLDs
- 截止目前为止,已有302个ccTLD,在http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db查看所有ccTLD
- 有些国家的ccTLD向全球开放注册(比如.me,.la),详情可以查看维基百科词条List of ccTLDs permitting worldwide commercial use
- 国际化域名(Internationalizing Domain Names, IDN)是指全部或部分使用特殊的文字或字母组成的顶级域名(比如.中国),使用Punycode字符集(为域名系统所生。实为将unicoode码转换成ascii码,比如德国慕尼黑“münchen”对应的Punycode为“mnchen-3ya”)。国际化域名列表,可查年维基百科词条Internationalized generic top-level domains
4. 国家地区代码
有多种国际公认的国家地区代码,先看下中国的吧(Country code: China),我也是长见识了,这么多套系统:
就我理解而言,ISO 3166-1定义的代码最流行,摘抄维基百科词条如下:
ISO 3166-1 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes. It defines three sets of country codes:[1]
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 – two-letter country codes which are the most widely used of the three, and used most prominently for the Internet‘s country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions).
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 – three-letter country codes which allow a better visual association between the codes and the country names than the alpha-2 codes. (visual association是啥?视觉关联)
- ISO 3166-1 numeric – three-digit country codes which are identical to those developed and maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division, with the advantage of script (writing system) independence, and hence useful for people or systems using non-Latin scripts.(为的是兼容性,全球用的是同一套数字系统)
5. 其他
这个题太大了,先到这里吧。
6. 我所购买的域名
了解了上述的国际区号,一下子买了6个域名,打算用于做旅游网站,如下:
- to31.com 去荷兰(To Netherlands, 31为荷兰的国际区号)
- to47.com 去挪威(To Norway,47为挪威的国际区号)
- to49.com 去德国(To Germany,49为德国的国际区号)
- to52.com 去墨西哥(To Mexico,52为墨西哥的国际区号)
- to63.com 去菲律宾(To Philippines,63为菲律宾的国际区号)
- to65.com 去新加坡(To Singapore,65为新加坡的国际区号)
如何更好地经营这些域名,期待您的想法与建议:-)
参考资料:
[1]Wikipedia: E.164, Country code, List of country calling codes
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