routes.txt describes all routes in a public transportation network, including route_id, agency_id, route_short_name, route_long_name,route_desc, route_type, route_url, route_color, route_text_color. Refer to GTFS reference: routes_fields for the detailed description.

1. route_id and route_short_name

route_id is not always associated in a one-to-one relationship with route_short_name. For instance,

mysql> USE paris_gtfs;
mysql> SELECT route_id, route_short_name, route_long_name FROM routes ORDER BY route_short_name LIMIT 10;
+----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| route_id | route_short_name | route_long_name                                                    |
+----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1419799  | "1"              | "(CHATEAU DE VINCENNES <-> LA DEFENSE) - Aller"                    |
| 1419800  | "1"              | "(CHATEAU DE VINCENNES <-> LA DEFENSE) - Retour"                   |
| 1197613  | "10"             | "(BOULOGNE - PONT DE SAINT CLOUD <-> GARE D'AUSTERLITZ) - Aller"   |
| 1197614  | "10"             | "(BOULOGNE - PONT DE SAINT CLOUD <-> GARE D'AUSTERLITZ) - Aller"   |
| 1197615  | "10"             | "(BOULOGNE - PONT DE SAINT CLOUD <-> GARE D'AUSTERLITZ) - Retour"  |
| 1447126  | "101"            | "(JOINVILLE LE PONT-RER <-> CHAMPIGNY SUR MARNE-CAMPING) - Aller"  |
| 1447127  | "101"            | "(JOINVILLE LE PONT-RER <-> CHAMPIGNY SUR MARNE-CAMPING) - Retour" |
| 1447242  | "102"            | "(GAMBETTA <-> BOIS-PERRIER-RER - ROSNY 2) - Aller"                |
| 1447243  | "102"            | "(GAMBETTA <-> BOIS-PERRIER-RER - ROSNY 2) - Retour"               |
| 872279   | "103"            | "(ECOLE VETERINAIRE DE MAISONS-ALFORT) - Retour"                   |
+----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
10 rows in set (0,00 sec)

Be aware that route_short_name appending suffix characters (e.g., s, ‘soir’ in French) doesn’t guarantee the same route. For instance, 38 and 38s in Toulouse,

+-------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| route_id          | route_short_name | route_long_name                                       |
+-------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 11821949021891616 | 2                | Cours Dillon / Université Paul Sabatier               |
| 11821949023200859 | 2s               | Cours Dillon / Université Paul Sabatier               |
| 11821949021891619 | 10               | Cours Dillon / Malepère                               |
| 11821949021891676 | 10s              | Cours Dillon / Malepère                               |
| 11821949021891621 | 12               | Cours Dillon / Basso Cambo                            |
| 11821949023200862 | 12s              | Cours Dillon / Basso Cambo                            |
| 11821949021891631 | 22               | Marengo SNCF / Gonin                                  |
| 11821949023200864 | 22s              | Marengo SNCF / Gonin                                  |
| 11821949021891636 | 38               | Empalot / Amouroux                                    |
| 11821949023200865 | 38s              | Cours Dillon / Amouroux                               |
| 11821949021891673 | 78               | Université Paul Sabatier / St Orens Lycée             |
| 11821953316814852 | 78s              | Université Paul Sabatier / St Orens Lycée             |
| 11821949021891674 | 79               | Ramonville Métro / Labège Couder ou St-Orens Lycée    |
| 11821949024202292 | 79s              | Université Paul Sabatier / St-Orens Lycée             |
| 11821949021891682 | 81               | Université Paul Sabatier / Castanet-Tolosan           |
| 11821949023798567 | 81s              | Université Paul Sabatier / Castanet-Tolosan           |
| 11821949023946608 | 88               | Ramonville Métro / Hôpital Larrey                     |
| 11821949024037461 | 88s              | Université Paul Sabatier / CHR Rangueil               |
+-------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+

Get the approximate number of unique routes by counting the numbe of unique route_short_name .

mysql> USE gtfs; -- Toulouse GTFS
mysql> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT route_short_name) FROM routes;
+----------------------------------+
| COUNT(DISTINCT route_short_name) |
+----------------------------------+
|                              106 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0,00 sec)

mysql> USE paris_gtfs; -- Paris GTFS
mysql> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT route_short_name) FROM routes;
+----------------------------------+
| COUNT(DISTINCT route_short_name) |
+----------------------------------+
|                              364 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0,00 sec)

2. route_type

The route_type field describes the type of transportation used on a route. Valid values for this field are[1]:

• 0 – Tram, Streetcar, Light rail. Any light rail or street level system within a metropolitan area.
• 1 – Subway, Metro. Any underground rail system within a metropolitan area.
• 2 – Rail. Used for intercity or long-distance travel.
• 3 – Bus. Used for short- and long-distance bus routes.
• 4 – Ferry. Used for short- and long-distance boat service.
• 5 – Cable car. Used for street-level cable cars where the cable runs beneath the car.
• 6 – Gondola, Suspended cable car. Typically used for aerial cable cars where the car is suspended from the cable.
• 7 – Funicular. Any rail system designed for steep inclines.

References:
[1]General Transit Feed Specification Reference

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