Lists are mutable sequences.

1. Basic operations

1.1 The methods of list objects

All of the methods of list objects as follows, excerpt from Python documentation More on Lists.

list.append(x)        # Add an item to the end of the list, i.e., a[len(a):] = [x].
list.extend(L)        # Extend the list by appending all the items in the given list, i.e., a[len(a):] = L.

list.insert(i, x)   # Insert an item at a given position. a.insert(0, x) inserts at the front of the list and a.insert(len(a), x) is equivalent to a.append(x).
list.remove(x)        # Remove the first item from the list whose value is x. It is an error if there is no such item.
list.pop([i])   # Remove the item at the given position in the list, and return it. a.pop() removes and returns the last item in the list. 
list.clear()    # Remove all items from the list, i.e., del a.

list.index(x)   # Return the index in the list of the first item whose value is x. It is an error if there is no such item.
list.count(x)   # Return the number of times x appears in the list.

list.reverse()        # Reverse the elements of the list in place.
list.copy()           # Return a shallow copy of the list, i.e., a.

list.sort(key=None, reverse=False)    #Sort the items of the list in place.

1.2 Iteration

Use the build-in function enumerate to iterate a list with indexes:

L = list()

## regular iteration
for item in L:

## iterate with indexes
enumerate(iterable, start=0) # Return an enumerate object. iterable must be a sequence, an iterator, or some other object which supports iteration. 

for idx, val in enumerate(L):

Iterate a list in chunks^[2] by :

import itertools

def grouper(iterable, n, fillvalue=None):
    args = [iter(iterable)] * n # iter(o[, sentinel]), Return an iterator object.
    return itertools.izip_longest(*args, fillvalue=fillvalue) # Make an iterator that aggregates elements from each of the iterables. 

## An example
for item in grouper(range(10), 4):
    print(item)

# output
(0, 1, 2, 3)
(4, 5, 6, 7)
(8, 9, None, None)

2. list of lists

A list of lists can be regarded as a table or a two-dimensional array.

2.1 Add one or more columns

Use list comprehensions to add one or more columns to a list of lists:

# Append one columns
new_lists = [row + ['new_column'] for row in lists]

# Insert one column into lists
new_list = [row[:idx] + ['new_column'] + row[idx:] # new row
            for row in lists]

# An example
​>>> lists = [[0, 1, 'a'], [2, 3, 'b'], [4, 5, 'c']]
>>> new_lists = [row[1:] + ['new_column'] + row[1:] for row in lists]
>>> new_lists = [row[:1] + ['new_column'] + row[1:] for row in lists]
>>> print(new_lists)
[[0, 'new_column', 1, 'a'], [2, 'new_column', 3, 'b'], [4, 'new_column', 5, 'c']]

2.2 Sort by specific indexes

# Way 1: Use operator
from operator import itemgetter
lists = [['red', 1], ['blue', 1], ['red', 2], ['blue', 2]]

>>> sorted(lists, key=itemgetter(0, 1))
[['blue', 1], ['blue', 2], ['red', 1], ['red', 2]]

# Way 2: Use lambda
lists = [['red', 1], ['blue', 1], ['red', 2], ['blue', 2]]

>>> sorted(lists, key = lambda x: x[0]) # one attribute
[['blue', 1], ['blue', 2], ['red', 1], ['red', 2]]

>>> sorted(lists, key = lambda x: (x[0], x[1])) # multiple attributes
[['blue', 1], ['blue', 2], ['red', 1], ['red', 2]]

# Way 3: Use the method of list objects: list.sort (in place)
from operator import itemgetter

list.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) # Sort the items of the list in place

>>> lists = [['red', 1], ['blue', 1], ['red', 2], ['blue', 2]]
>>> lists.sort(key = itemgetter(0, 1))
>>> print(lists)
[['blue', 1], ['blue', 2], ['red', 1], ['red', 2]]

Further, how to sort multiple attributes with different orderings. I haven’t made it. This might help:

StackOverflow: How to write Python sort key functions for descending values

2.3 Flatten

Flatten a list of lists as a list^[3]:

# Way 1: Use list comprehensions
>>> l = [item for sublist in lists for item in sublist]
>>> print(l)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

# Way 2: Use itertools chain, 
>>> import itertools
>>> l = list(itertools.chain(*lists))
>>> print(l)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

2.4 Write to a file

def write_list_of_lists(self, lists, out_file): 
    fp = open(out_file, 'w')
    
    for row in lists:
        s = '\t'.join(str(item) for item in row)
        fp.write(s + '\n')
    
    fp.close()

References:
[1]StackOverflow: Sort a list by multiple attributes?
[2]StackOverflow: What is the most “pythonic” way to iterate over a list in chunks?
[3]StackOverflow: Making a flat list out of list of lists in Python [duplicate]

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